heroic prose, narrative prose tales, the counterpart of heroic poetry in subject, outlook, and dramatic style. Whether composed orally or written down, the stories are meant to be told, and they employ many of the formulaic expressions of oral tradition. A remarkable body of this prose is the early Irish Ulaid (Ulster) cycle of stories, recorded between the 8th and 11th centuries, featuring the hero Cu Chulainn (Cuchulain) and his associates. Events are set in the 1st century BC and reflect the customs of a pre-Christian aristocracy who fight from chariots, take heads as trophies, and are influenced by Druids. A 12th- century group of Irish stories is the Fenian cycle focussing on the hero Finn MacCumhaill (MacCool), his son, the poet Oisin (Ossian), and his elite corps of warriors and hunters, the Fianna Eireann. Interspersed in the narratives are passages of verse, usually speeches, that are often older than the prose. Because of the verse sections, it is thought that these stories may derive from a lost body of heroic poetry.

Among the Irish tales only the Ulaid story “The Cattle Raid of Cooley” has the scope of an epic, but it survives in a much mutilated text. The formulaic and poetic language of the Irish cycles is admirably preserved in Lady Gregory’s retelling of the stories Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902) and Gods and Fighting Men (1904). Other examples of heroic prose are the 13th- century Icelandic sagas. The “heroic sagas,” such as the Volsunga saga (c. 1270) and the Thidriks saga (c. 1250), are based on ancient Germanic oral tradition of the 4th to 6th century and contain many lines from lost heroic lays. Of higher artistic quality are the “Icelander sagas,” such as Grettis saga (Eng. trans., Grettir the Strong) and Njdls saga (both c. 1300), dealing with native Icelandic families, who live by the grim and complicated code of the blood feud.


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Author Resource BoxHarold Ruthuby, 61, retired. Living in Sussex with my wife and children.Read Harold Ruthuby Profile