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Infrared image of the corona cooler (dark areas are colder)
A new type of ultra-thin, silent cooling technology for processors is being developed by Kronos Advanced Technologies in collaboration with Intel and the University of Washington. In two years, this new technology might replace existing cooling fan technology in laptops and other portable devices, making them more reliable and far quieter.
The ever-growing computer industry is continuously in search of new ways to cool down microprocessors. From gigantic fans to liquid nitrogen, the computer industry and its enthusiasts continually strive to achieve better, quieter, and more reliable cooling methods. This article will examine a new concept for cooling microprocessors based on an age-old physical phenomenon called corona discharge.
Methods for cooling computer components
Several methods are currently employed for cooling electronic components such as microprocessors, which could easily reach temperatures of hundred of degrees, suffering permanent damage unless cooled down properly:
Passive heatsink
1. Passive cooling – one of the oldest and simplest methods for cooling an object is to increase its surface area. It's no secret that elephants use their enormous ears to cool down, and the same basic principle is applied to microprocessors, which utilize heatsinks - large metal bodies with a large number of fins that increase the surface area to allow more air to dissipate the heat from the processor. Modern heatsinks are usually made from aluminum or copper, which conduct heat well and are relatively cheap to produce. The main advantages of passive cooling are its inherent simplicity (basically a large chunk of metal), and, hence, its reliability and low cost. In addition, passive cooling produces no noise. The major disadvantage of passive cooling is its limited ability to dissipate large amounts of heat quickly. Modern heatsinks are incapable of effectively cooling high-end CPUs, not to mention high-end GPUs, without the assistance of a fan.
Active cooling (Credit: Zalman)
2. Active/air cooling – The most popular method for cooling modern computers is based on pushing air using fans. This method is sometimes combined with passive cooling, in which the fan pushes the hot air away from a heatsink. Active cooling is much more efficient than passive cooling alone and is also relatively cheap. But active cooling has several significant disadvantages as well; because it has moving parts, it is less reliable, breaking down frequently, thereby causing the processor to overheat and sometimes causing permanent damage. Active cooling is also relatively noisy, and although large fans rotating at slow speeds can move a lot of air without making too much noise, they will always be louder than zero decibel passive coolers.
3. Water/fluid cooling – A more complex and less popular method is water cooling. Water has a higher specific heat capacity as well as better thermal conductivity relative to that of air (meaning water can transfer heat over greater distances more efficiently than air); by pumping cold water around a processor, it's possible to remove a large amount of heat in a short time, to be cooled down by a radiator located elsewhere inside (or outside) the computer. The main advantage of water cooling is its ability to cool down even the hottest computer components.
However, this comes at a price; water cooling is expensive, complex, and even dangerous in untrained hands (as water and electricity don't mix well!). Although usually less noisy than air cooling, water cooling systems have moving parts and so have been known to suffer from reliability issues.
An entirely different approach to liquid cooling was taken by the Austin-based company nanoCoolers that a few years ago developed a liquid-metal-based cooler, with higher heat conductivity than water, containing predominantly gallium and indium. Unlike water, this compound can be pumped electromagnetically, eliminating the need for a mechanical pump. Despite its innovative nature, nanoCoolers' liquid-metal never reached a commercial stage and the company is currently working on a different innovative technology - a thin-film solid state cooler (which uses what is known as the Peltier effect).
Another rare method of liquid cooling is liquid submersion, in which a computer is completely submerged in a liquid with very low electrical conductivity, such as oil; the computer is cooled by the exchange of heat between its parts, the cooling fluid, and the ambient air.
This method is not practical for most users for obvious reasons.
VapoChill phase change cooler (Credit: Asetek)
4. Phase-change – Phase change relies on a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium that absorbs heat from the surface to be cooled and subsequently delivers it elsewhere. Phase change is the preferred cooling method in commercial refrigerators and some air-conditioning systems. In recent years, several companies chose to employ phase change technology to cool computer components. These cooling systems are very powerful and are utilized by a small group of enthusiasts to cool down their CPU's in order to perform extreme overclocking. Phase-change devices are generally large, complex, noisy, and extremely expensive (reaching the many hundreds of dollars).
5. Cryogenics – Even rarer than phase change-based cooling is cryogenics-based cooling, using liquid nitrogen (N2[l]) or dry ice or carbon dioxide (CO2). These materials are used at extremely low temperatures (N2[l] evaporates at -196 degrees C/-320.8 degrees F and dry ice evaporates at -78 degrees C/-108.4 degrees F) directly on the processor to cool it down. However, after the N2[l] or CO2 evaporates, it must be replaced. Damage to the processor over time from frequent temperature changes is one of the reasons cryogenics is employed only in extreme cases of overclocking and for short periods of time.
Clearly each cooling method has advantages and disadvantages. Some are expensive and noisy, others are not powerful enough, some require complex installation, and some can even damage the processor. Seeking to create a cheap, silent, highly reliable cooler capable of effectively dissipating heat from even the most demanding high-end processors, Kronos Advanced Technologies harnessed an age-old physical principal known as the corona discharge effect.
Electrostatic air propulsion and the corona discharge effect
Corona electrode tip
The cooling technology under development by Kronos employs a device called an ionic wind pump (also known as an electrostatic fluid accelerator). The basic operating principle of an ionic wind pump is corona discharge, an electrical discharge near a charged conductor caused by the ionization of the surrounding fluid (air). The principle of ionic air propulsion with corona-generated charged particles has been known almost as long as electricity itself. One of the first references to sensing moving air near a charged tube appeared some 300 years ago in a book by Francis Hauksbee and many pioneers of electricity, including Newton, Faraday, and Maxwell, studied this phenomenon. In modern times, corona discharge was utilized in various ways and applied in the photocopying industry, in some air-conditioning systems, in nitrogen lasers, and most notably in air ionizers. Kronos, which develops high efficiency corona-based air filters, attempted to adapt the technology to microprocessor cooling. With the help of N. E. Jewell-Larsen, C. P. Hsu, and A. V. Mamishev from the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Washington and from Intel, they created several working prototypes of a corona discharge CPU cooler, which can silently but effectively cool a modern CPU.
Principle of corona discharge
The corona discharge cooler developed by Kronos works in the following manner: A high electric field is created at the tip of the cathode, which is placed on one side of the CPU. The high energy potential causes the oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the air to become ionized (positively charged) and create a corona (a halo of charged particles). Placing a grounded anode at the opposite end of the CPU causes the charged ions in the corona to accelerate towards the anode, colliding with neutral air molecules on the way. During these collisions, momentum is transferred from the ionized gas to the neutral air molecules, resulting in movement of gas towards the anode.
Nels Jewell Larsen
The advantages of the corona-based cooler are obvious: it has no moving parts thereby eliminating certain reliability issues, it can effectively cool even the most advanced and demanding processors and it operates with a near-zero noise level and with moderate energy consumption.
To learn more about Kronos' cooling technology, TFOT interviewed Professor Alexander Mamishev and PhD student Nels Jewell-Larsen from the University of Washington and Dr. Igor Krichtafovitch Chief Technology Officer at Kronos Advanced Technologies.
